Datasets are simply put, a collection of different variables in a data table. In R, this means storing different vectors of the same length in a data table within a new object.
To get an overview of a dataset, use the str() function. str stands for structure.
str(pss)## 'data.frame': 5000 obs. of 14 variables:
## $ idno : num 10000 10001 10002 10003 10004 ...
## $ district: Factor w/ 5 levels "Distrikt 1","Distrikt 5",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ gndr : Factor w/ 2 levels "female","male": 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 ...
## $ agea : num 41 65 48 49 48 64 63 70 80 57 ...
## $ edu : Factor w/ 5 levels "ES-ISCED I","ES-ISCED II",..: 4 2 4 5 4 5 3 3 2 3 ...
## $ wkhtot : num 34 20 27 30 29 30 37 31 43 32 ...
## $ income : Factor w/ 10 levels "1st decile","2nd decile",..: 7 6 7 6 5 6 7 6 3 7 ...
## $ stfdem : num 7 8 6 5 4 6 4 10 1 2 ...
## $ stfeco : num 6 7 6 4 5 6 5 7 3 4 ...
## $ trstprl : num 3 5 4 2 6 1 5 4 2 6 ...
## $ trstprt : num 5 5 4 7 6 3 4 6 5 6 ...
## $ trstplt : num 4 5 6 4 6 2 4 6 3 5 ...
## $ trstlgl : num 6 4 5 3 6 4 5 4 9 2 ...
## $ lrscale : num 4 3 6 6 2 7 6 3 4 4 ...Here, you can see how many dimensions the data table (data frame) has (5000 rows and 14 columns) and you get the value type and the first observations for each variable.
Another way to gain insight into a dataset is by using the head() or tail() function. These functions display the first six or last six cases, respectively.
head(pss)## idno district gndr agea edu wkhtot income stfdem stfeco
## 1 10000 Distrikt 1 male 41 ES-ISCED IV 34 7th decile 7 6
## 2 10001 Distrikt 1 male 65 ES-ISCED II 20 6th decile 8 7
## 3 10002 Distrikt 1 male 48 ES-ISCED IV 27 7th decile 6 6
## 4 10003 Distrikt 1 female 49 ES-ISCED V 30 6th decile 5 4
## 5 10004 Distrikt 1 female 48 ES-ISCED IV 29 5th decile 4 5
## 6 10005 Distrikt 1 female 64 ES-ISCED V 30 6th decile 6 6
## trstprl trstprt trstplt trstlgl lrscale
## 1 3 5 4 6 4
## 2 5 5 5 4 3
## 3 4 4 6 5 6
## 4 2 7 4 3 6
## 5 6 6 6 6 2
## 6 1 3 2 4 7tail(pss)## idno district gndr agea edu wkhtot income stfdem stfeco
## 4995 50995 Distrikt 12 female 44 ES-ISCED I 39 3rd decile 2 4
## 4996 50996 Distrikt 12 female 37 <NA> 43 3rd decile 3 4
## 4997 50997 Distrikt 12 male 29 ES-ISCED II 31 6th decile 4 4
## 4998 50998 Distrikt 12 female 33 ES-ISCED I 53 1st decile 0 0
## 4999 50999 Distrikt 12 female 45 <NA> 30 3rd decile 8 8
## 5000 51000 Distrikt 12 female 38 ES-ISCED III 37 6th decile 5 7
## trstprl trstprt trstplt trstlgl lrscale
## 4995 1 3 4 2 5
## 4996 2 3 1 2 3
## 4997 2 4 3 6 6
## 4998 5 6 5 6 5
## 4999 7 9 6 6 8
## 5000 2 2 3 4 8When applying statistical calculations, you do not work with the entire object but usually with individual variables. But how can you address these individual variables? For example, you may want to know the variance of the variable stfdem.
We have the data frame object named pss, and within this object, we have 14 vectors, one of which is named stfdem. When you expand the object in the Environment, you will see that each variable name is preceded by a $. This indicates that the variables are components of the data frame and should be addressed as such.
Let’s access the component stfdem. When accessing objects, we need to call their names:
stfdemLet’s try again:
pss$stfdem## [1] 7 8 6 5 4 6 4 10 1 2 2 8 0 3 6 7 4 5 4 5 4 5 8 4
## [25] 5 5 5 5 5 6 2 2 9 1 3 5 4 4 3 5 5 7 3 5 6 4 0 4
## [49] 5 5 5 4 3 5 10 3 7 1 4 0 4 5 7 6 6 3 4 4 2 7 1 6
## [73] 2 5 3 4 10 7 6 3 6 6 8 10 3 9 7 6 4 4 6 6 6 6 7 5
## [97] 7 6 7 5 1 5 NA 3 NA 8 4 5 6 4 NA 5 8 4 5 6 2 6 4 4
## [121] 5 6 5 5 6 9 5 6 2 3 8 8 5 1 1 10 5 5 7 7 6 6 1 4
## [145] 4 7 5 5 NA 8 9 6 10 7 3 2 4 6 4 9 5 NA 4 3 7 8 2 6
## [169] 1 8 3 5 5 4 8 8 4 6 5 6 0 4 6 4 NA 6 2 NA 3 3 7 8
## [193] 5 6 6 5 4 4 2 6 7 4 4 7 7 7 4 6 6 5 8 7 7 6 4 3
## [217] 10 7 7 0 7 4 7 1 3 8 8 1 6 3 2 8 7 3 8 3 4 8 0 9
## [241] 7 0 9 4 1 5 4 7 1 5 5 3 5 6 6 3 4 5 6 5 8 5 4 4
## [265] 4 7 6 2 4 3 1 4 8 5 4 6 7 5 2 6 2 3 8 8 6 3 7 5
## [289] 7 4 7 10 3 6 2 4 10 6 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 6 6 7 5 5 7
## [313] 3 2 6 5 8 4 4 5 5 8 6 9 5 5 5 1 8 6 3 9 5 4 5 3
## [337] 3 3 9 7 2 9 6 8 8 8 2 5 10 5 4 7 5 7 3 4 9 7 2 5
## [361] 8 8 5 0 10 4 6 6 3 5 2 8 3 9 3 4 1 7 2 4 6 2 4 0
## [385] 5 7 5 7 3 2 3 5 4 1 5 10 9 4 0 7 5 9 1 5 2 0 5 4
## [409] 0 4 10 3 3 5 7 4 2 7 8 5 5 4 3 9 4 5 4 6 5 7 3 4
## [433] 7 3 2 6 5 4 7 2 3 6 4 5 2 1 8 7 7 4 1 7 8 2 8 3
## [457] 5 5 4 10 2 0 2 4 6 6 8 6 3 5 8 4 5 2 9 10 7 6 8 0
## [481] 5 5 5 10 9 7 8 3 7 6 3 6 6 2 9 3 3 8 6 5 6 3 5 8
## [505] 3 5 5 8 3 7 4 7 4 3 3 6 8 5 8 8 5 4 5 5 1 7 8 4
## [529] 6 4 6 3 5 6 7 3 3 4 6 4 NA 9 3 6 4 2 8 5 2 5 5 6
## [553] 7 3 4 0 4 3 6 7 7 7 3 8 8 4 9 2 3 1 8 4 4 9 7 3
## [577] 4 6 5 2 5 6 4 8 10 8 7 5 7 3 4 6 1 3 3 4 5 3 6 7
## [601] 3 6 3 7 5 4 8 4 8 3 4 7 8 NA 5 7 5 4 3 4 3 7 2 2
## [625] 4 6 5 3 8 5 5 2 1 2 4 3 7 9 7 6 2 3 5 3 5 4 5 6
## [649] 5 5 8 2 4 2 0 4 3 5 7 2 5 5 5 2 6 4 5 0 7 0 5 4
## [673] 5 3 6 5 2 3 10 10 8 0 6 2 6 6 3 9 9 7 NA 7 2 NA 3 5
## [697] 7 1 2 4 6 7 4 2 9 10 6 5 0 NA 4 7 1 9 5 5 3 5 4 9
## [721] 5 1 8 1 5 3 6 6 5 8 4 3 6 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 7 3 6 5
## [745] 5 2 4 5 4 5 7 6 3 1 7 4 4 5 6 7 7 6 7 5 4 5 5 4
## [769] 3 NA 1 7 7 NA NA 9 9 3 9 4 0 0 7 1 5 5 9 7 5 8 5 6
## [793] 5 1 6 5 7 0 4 8 0 0 2 7 3 5 10 3 4 8 5 5 7 9 5 9
## [817] 7 7 5 7 5 2 4 6 2 4 3 8 5 3 8 4 5 3 7 5 6 1 2 8
## [841] 0 0 5 3 0 2 7 5 4 3 4 5 9 4 2 5 9 8 4 5 2 4 5 3
## [865] 10 5 6 5 6 6 5 7 3 5 3 5 9 4 9 6 6 2 6 8 2 0 4 7
## [889] 3 3 7 4 6 8 2 2 2 9 0 4 7 0 4 4 NA 5 7 3 6 4 8 6
## [913] 5 9 6 2 5 5 5 5 5 0 1 1 5 0 4 2 8 3 7 5 5 7 4 4
## [937] 5 4 9 5 7 6 6 4 4 3 6 5 7 4 7 5 8 1 0 2 9 5 0 4
## [961] 3 4 3 4 3 4 5 6 4 7 5 4 2 5 2 3 0 5 7 1 5 6 5 5
## [985] 0 8 8 8 6 4 0 2 4 6 3 3 2 2 5 4 6 2 2 7 6 4 4 2
## [1009] 7 5 4 0 9 2 7 4 6 5 3 8 3 7 3 3 7 4 3 5 7 4 5 7
## [1033] 5 5 4 5 8 2 6 3 0 2 4 0 3 4 5 4 3 7 4 3 4 4 8 9
## [1057] 5 5 3 3 5 2 0 6 6 8 7 9 5 8 3 1 7 5 3 6 7 7 1 6
## [1081] 6 5 1 3 3 4 7 3 6 2 6 5 7 7 5 8 4 5 5 3 0 NA 5 3
## [1105] 5 6 5 4 4 5 6 5 5 2 7 5 5 3 5 6 6 NA 4 7 8 8 5 3
## [1129] 9 7 9 2 7 6 3 0 7 3 9 4 2 4 2 1 5 4 6 3 8 10 6 4
## [1153] 2 3 3 3 4 5 4 3 3 2 8 5 5 5 5 4 2 3 5 5 9 6 1 NA
## [1177] 3 2 1 8 6 7 3 2 5 5 4 2 7 4 7 10 6 6 7 6 1 3 5 6
## [1201] 2 4 4 0 7 0 2 8 5 6 5 5 3 8 3 7 5 3 0 4 4 6 4 6
## [1225] 4 2 7 0 10 4 6 10 5 3 6 7 7 5 5 2 3 6 6 4 8 7 8 3
## [1249] 5 5 2 6 4 3 3 3 1 10 6 7 NA 2 3 5 2 3 6 5 2 4 8 6
## [1273] 7 4 6 7 9 4 4 8 2 4 0 7 3 3 6 4 4 6 9 6 5 5 7 5
## [1297] 4 2 4 5 3 9 4 4 6 1 2 5 4 5 NA 2 8 0 8 4 5 8 7 1
## [1321] 3 3 NA 7 8 7 3 6 8 6 5 5 5 2 6 0 6 5 3 5 2 3 6 6
## [1345] 1 9 5 2 0 4 4 5 3 9 6 5 8 6 7 4 3 3 5 5 5 2 5 7
## [1369] 5 5 5 5 8 0 3 4 4 0 4 5 2 3 4 5 4 NA 8 6 7 6 10 7
## [1393] 3 5 5 8 5 1 4 8 6 4 8 1 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 7 5 7 4
## [1417] 7 3 5 4 9 2 1 4 8 7 6 5 2 4 8 6 8 5 3 2 3 6 4 4
## [1441] NA 6 5 9 7 8 6 4 8 5 5 6 5 3 6 5 6 3 4 0 8 5 8 3
## [1465] 5 1 4 5 5 4 7 2 0 4 6 NA 6 6 6 3 3 4 5 2 9 4 5 5
## [1489] 4 5 7 5 6 4 10 3 6 5 7 3 2 4 5 5 5 6 9 3 8 7 2 5
## [1513] 10 1 10 8 0 4 5 NA 5 3 5 5 7 1 7 7 7 0 5 8 6 7 7 4
## [1537] 9 1 3 4 5 8 7 8 8 3 9 4 5 5 9 1 9 7 6 1 9 5 0 5
## [1561] 4 2 7 9 NA 6 2 NA 5 5 3 3 2 0 5 5 3 7 1 5 6 8 9 6
## [1585] 5 4 4 NA 3 6 5 2 4 0 0 1 5 5 6 1 8 2 6 6 10 4 5 7
## [1609] 6 7 3 9 3 1 8 3 3 4 9 3 7 6 5 8 5 4 5 7 4 3 7 4
## [1633] 1 9 7 5 1 1 6 0 NA 8 8 4 5 3 9 3 10 2 7 8 7 6 5 5
## [1657] 5 4 7 1 0 9 5 3 2 3 3 5 5 8 1 5 8 5 3 6 6 4 8 1
## [1681] 4 6 9 5 0 5 1 3 4 8 0 5 6 4 3 6 8 5 6 6 5 4 6 6
## [1705] 7 9 1 7 2 7 5 4 6 7 3 3 4 5 2 2 NA 6 3 6 5 4 5 2
## [1729] 6 5 3 NA 10 9 6 7 8 5 8 6 8 8 9 3 9 9 1 0 0 5 1 3
## [1753] 5 5 4 7 8 4 3 8 9 3 10 7 6 9 9 3 6 5 0 1 6 4 4 5
## [1777] 5 1 4 9 1 3 4 2 5 6 5 6 4 8 3 6 2 7 6 5 0 2 NA 6
## [1801] 5 3 6 4 4 3 3 2 7 5 7 5 6 5 2 1 8 3 5 0 6 10 4 5
## [1825] 0 5 1 4 5 6 6 8 5 2 5 6 9 6 2 3 4 2 4 4 9 4 3 3
## [1849] 5 4 4 4 8 3 0 7 3 2 6 5 4 4 3 3 5 0 6 5 4 0 NA 8
## [1873] 1 3 5 5 5 8 4 4 9 1 4 3 1 6 5 2 NA 1 2 6 5 6 9 2
## [1897] 5 3 3 8 7 2 7 4 7 3 8 5 10 1 8 3 5 8 4 0 8 2 1 0
## [1921] 5 6 5 8 1 8 0 3 5 4 0 5 4 2 6 2 4 4 NA 5 6 7 7 9
## [1945] 1 9 4 4 7 10 4 6 6 0 4 6 0 1 6 1 5 3 5 1 1 7 7 9
## [1969] 3 7 7 5 7 10 1 6 4 1 4 7 2 6 NA 6 2 3 5 3 7 NA 7 8
## [1993] 5 6 4 3 3 9 4 4 2 7 5 7 4 2 6 3 3 4 4 1 6 8 9 3
## [2017] 4 2 3 3 4 9 2 3 6 4 5 7 1 7 3 8 0 5 5 5 5 8 3 7
## [2041] 6 5 5 6 4 5 5 1 6 7 4 1 8 9 3 7 7 0 1 5 6 0 4 6
## [2065] 7 5 1 10 8 3 5 7 4 1 4 6 4 5 1 4 6 4 7 5 7 3 NA 5
## [2089] 6 0 6 8 7 6 7 2 5 4 6 6 3 5 6 8 7 4 4 2 8 1 6 8
## [2113] 4 NA 4 6 5 2 6 3 3 7 7 6 2 5 3 NA 1 5 7 4 5 9 2 5
## [2137] 6 4 8 7 NA 7 1 1 2 8 3 5 7 2 7 6 5 5 1 2 4 2 1 8
## [2161] 2 5 0 7 2 7 5 3 6 4 4 6 6 1 3 5 4 9 1 1 2 2 4 2
## [2185] 2 5 4 0 3 1 6 5 3 5 0 3 5 5 8 8 7 6 4 3 3 6 10 6
## [2209] 6 9 1 5 4 6 6 6 4 10 6 NA 5 6 5 7 9 1 6 2 9 7 2 4
## [2233] 7 6 2 4 4 6 4 10 5 4 NA 6 6 7 3 6 3 4 10 9 10 7 7 5
## [2257] 8 6 3 2 9 5 6 1 7 4 3 4 5 2 1 6 4 9 2 5 4 0 4 4
## [2281] 7 5 5 3 5 4 3 NA 6 2 7 9 5 3 7 4 NA 5 3 3 0 4 4 5
## [2305] 7 7 2 5 4 8 4 8 4 0 10 2 0 5 2 3 1 0 6 7 7 5 2 3
## [2329] 6 6 2 0 0 4 3 0 7 5 6 6 6 2 4 0 9 5 3 8 4 0 7 2
## [2353] 2 5 0 3 5 7 6 4 7 3 7 2 5 2 6 7 6 9 3 5 6 5 1 8
## [2377] 3 1 2 3 2 6 6 4 6 8 4 3 5 8 9 5 5 7 3 8 6 4 2 1
## [2401] 5 10 4 4 2 6 3 2 6 6 6 3 7 5 3 3 6 7 5 8 8 3 4 8
## [2425] 7 6 7 2 6 0 2 3 5 1 2 6 3 5 5 8 4 3 4 5 10 8 8 7
## [2449] 5 6 8 7 5 3 1 9 4 8 3 1 4 4 4 4 2 6 7 4 6 2 0 NA
## [2473] 4 10 4 7 4 5 8 4 6 4 5 10 1 1 5 6 9 6 7 7 6 9 3 4
## [2497] 6 7 7 8 3 8 3 5 3 5 2 7 4 8 2 2 3 NA 0 6 7 1 1 7
## [2521] 3 1 0 4 NA 6 7 3 6 0 7 5 6 8 5 6 3 6 6 3 5 9 5 2
## [2545] 5 1 10 3 5 2 5 5 6 6 1 3 3 4 2 3 4 6 7 5 6 3 4 4
## [2569] 4 2 5 7 2 6 6 7 4 6 4 6 3 6 3 1 7 7 5 5 NA 0 4 7
## [2593] 9 6 9 0 2 5 5 3 9 7 3 4 5 8 5 5 3 2 7 4 3 6 4 NA
## [2617] 7 1 9 7 10 8 NA 1 4 2 3 10 4 6 5 8 6 6 8 4 4 1 6 6
## [2641] 5 NA 7 0 4 2 6 6 4 3 6 3 5 3 1 NA 2 3 5 6 5 5 0 3
## [2665] 1 4 4 7 9 1 4 5 5 5 7 8 5 4 4 2 1 7 8 7 3 0 3 9
## [2689] 7 5 6 10 7 8 6 1 7 5 6 4 7 1 5 7 5 2 4 2 5 8 9 5
## [2713] 6 9 0 4 5 3 3 4 0 2 4 5 1 5 2 4 2 7 5 6 2 7 5 3
## [2737] 4 5 7 4 8 7 1 5 6 5 0 5 6 5 7 5 7 7 4 7 5 7 6 6
## [2761] 4 3 8 6 2 8 3 10 3 1 3 6 1 3 5 6 8 7 5 7 2 7 1 4
## [2785] 6 6 1 4 6 7 2 4 4 8 5 3 5 7 2 4 8 6 7 NA 2 7 2 2
## [2809] 9 4 5 10 7 9 5 3 4 0 4 0 5 1 3 6 5 8 3 4 4 1 2 6
## [2833] 3 2 5 1 3 4 4 3 6 3 7 4 2 5 6 8 3 1 1 2 6 5 1 6
## [2857] 5 2 6 7 6 6 7 3 8 5 10 3 4 5 6 3 6 9 2 5 8 6 1 3
## [2881] 5 5 7 5 4 1 5 3 5 9 1 4 5 5 4 8 2 6 6 5 0 3 5 8
## [2905] 0 4 4 2 3 7 4 1 7 8 7 4 5 6 3 5 4 4 9 4 4 6 7 6
## [2929] 8 9 6 2 5 5 4 4 4 3 9 5 7 8 5 8 1 3 3 3 5 2 5 5
## [2953] 5 3 6 7 7 0 3 6 3 6 3 NA 3 4 4 3 6 1 5 3 3 7 2 4
## [2977] 6 5 5 8 3 2 8 5 8 5 6 6 4 6 8 1 3 2 2 4 6 7 8 4
## [3001] 1 1 4 0 4 9 8 0 8 3 5 8 4 9 6 0 6 4 3 6 5 6 3 6
## [3025] 4 4 6 5 3 7 7 4 2 3 7 8 4 4 7 5 4 3 6 7 2 9 2 6
## [3049] 4 0 6 3 3 5 0 0 3 5 10 3 2 3 7 6 8 4 7 6 4 5 7 4
## [3073] 0 2 6 1 2 5 4 7 7 8 5 2 1 4 3 6 3 4 0 8 5 9 4 3
## [3097] 5 4 NA 4 8 7 NA 9 8 6 2 1 4 6 7 2 1 3 6 1 7 4 7 3
## [3121] 7 9 8 1 6 3 5 6 4 8 2 5 4 7 0 5 4 6 4 8 2 4 2 3
## [3145] 1 2 5 9 3 8 5 2 7 8 3 7 6 4 3 8 7 3 3 3 1 7 9 6
## [3169] 7 NA 8 10 0 5 7 3 2 5 2 1 5 6 4 2 1 10 7 8 6 0 NA 6
## [3193] 6 4 5 5 2 1 4 NA 5 4 6 2 1 7 8 4 3 7 3 10 1 5 7 4
## [3217] 1 7 5 0 2 4 NA 5 0 1 2 8 2 1 3 1 10 4 7 7 3 1 4 4
## [3241] 2 3 6 0 4 4 5 2 3 4 3 7 5 5 1 4 5 4 2 3 0 6 1 8
## [3265] 3 5 1 5 3 6 2 3 1 6 6 3 4 10 9 6 1 5 6 9 4 3 0 3
## [3289] 4 4 10 4 3 2 4 1 5 5 2 3 7 5 6 3 5 2 4 4 6 7 6 6
## [3313] 8 9 NA 5 0 1 7 8 7 3 4 6 2 5 6 3 4 8 2 6 6 0 2 3
## [3337] 4 2 2 4 3 7 4 8 7 3 5 4 7 2 3 4 6 5 3 4 0 5 7 2
## [3361] 6 4 10 3 7 3 3 1 4 4 9 5 0 2 5 6 0 3 4 1 7 3 6 8
## [3385] 3 6 5 8 5 4 3 9 4 5 4 8 6 7 4 4 7 3 5 5 3 7 2 6
## [3409] 3 4 2 6 3 6 3 3 1 0 6 3 7 2 2 7 4 4 0 5 0 4 8 3
## [3433] 5 4 4 3 6 2 6 8 4 1 5 4 1 5 6 0 2 5 6 0 5 8 5 3
## [3457] 10 3 4 5 6 6 5 5 3 5 6 2 6 7 7 0 4 5 6 3 5 0 4 5
## [3481] 4 5 4 4 1 5 9 6 4 0 5 6 1 3 3 4 8 6 5 3 7 5 9 5
## [3505] 3 5 5 2 8 6 8 4 4 3 4 6 1 7 5 7 5 4 2 3 3 NA 4 9
## [3529] 3 5 5 4 4 6 7 4 9 2 3 3 3 7 5 4 4 4 5 5 2 6 5 1
## [3553] 0 2 7 5 7 3 5 2 NA 1 7 2 2 3 5 2 2 4 1 4 5 5 5 8
## [3577] 5 1 7 4 2 6 0 2 6 4 7 0 6 9 5 7 NA 4 3 6 4 5 0 7
## [3601] 4 8 2 6 NA 8 0 5 1 8 NA 0 3 5 7 4 2 5 6 7 4 3 6 1
## [3625] 7 3 NA 7 4 8 6 7 3 5 5 6 8 10 8 0 6 1 8 5 5 3 4 4
## [3649] 6 1 2 4 7 5 4 6 3 10 2 1 3 5 8 7 2 7 1 7 3 9 2 7
## [3673] 2 3 5 2 3 8 5 7 4 0 1 7 4 5 6 3 2 6 4 4 5 1 7 3
## [3697] 1 7 3 4 5 6 3 4 7 6 2 7 1 6 5 5 6 9 6 5 3 0 8 0
## [3721] 0 2 0 4 4 3 3 2 3 1 5 5 1 2 5 3 8 2 5 7 4 8 2 7
## [3745] 9 3 0 2 6 8 6 5 7 4 9 3 5 6 4 7 5 6 5 3 6 4 NA 7
## [3769] 5 10 9 1 8 2 4 3 7 5 3 2 4 4 4 7 6 8 7 6 6 3 3 5
## [3793] 2 0 1 10 2 NA 6 4 2 4 2 9 0 5 4 0 3 9 6 4 5 5 5 2
## [3817] 3 6 7 6 7 8 7 1 0 5 3 5 1 6 6 5 2 0 5 6 3 3 3 0
## [3841] 5 4 6 1 8 8 0 6 2 10 6 4 4 6 3 8 3 4 6 6 3 3 8 5
## [3865] 1 4 NA 10 1 8 4 2 3 0 5 7 5 1 7 3 2 7 3 6 5 2 3 1
## [3889] 6 0 3 4 6 6 7 7 6 7 5 3 2 4 6 4 4 4 4 6 2 5 0 6
## [3913] 7 4 4 0 3 4 5 4 7 4 4 3 4 7 7 4 7 0 6 8 8 4 6 2
## [3937] 5 3 5 4 4 3 6 2 8 9 4 7 2 4 7 5 5 1 3 4 3 8 5 5
## [3961] 4 5 0 1 2 5 3 3 3 4 6 4 4 0 4 10 5 1 5 8 7 8 7 9
## [3985] 4 NA 5 8 6 NA 8 5 4 1 9 4 2 0 6 9 0 3 5 8 0 4 3 7
## [4009] 7 6 6 3 4 4 1 2 7 0 2 NA 1 4 2 3 5 6 5 6 NA 0 3 6
## [4033] 3 2 2 7 4 5 3 2 7 4 2 8 5 4 0 5 6 7 5 5 3 8 4 6
## [4057] 7 3 5 8 7 3 7 7 1 4 0 6 3 5 8 6 1 6 5 5 4 5 3 4
## [4081] 4 6 1 5 NA 9 5 4 5 3 3 5 4 4 3 3 6 0 5 2 NA 6 4 1
## [4105] 4 0 5 7 7 3 NA 6 6 7 3 5 4 7 3 4 3 5 3 3 4 4 8 6
## [4129] 1 2 6 7 1 3 4 8 NA 7 2 9 4 6 4 1 8 6 3 5 NA 2 5 2
## [4153] 4 6 3 2 7 1 4 7 8 1 5 4 2 2 4 5 1 4 3 2 5 8 3 3
## [4177] 7 5 3 3 7 7 4 4 6 8 4 5 3 2 2 7 8 9 7 5 5 2 4 5
## [4201] 7 5 4 7 2 6 NA 5 5 3 0 8 5 5 6 2 6 0 9 5 0 8 5 6
## [4225] 8 3 9 4 6 2 2 5 5 5 3 3 2 8 6 4 3 7 7 4 1 8 9 5
## [4249] 5 7 8 6 1 4 9 3 4 4 3 3 4 2 1 4 3 2 3 4 3 4 5 4
## [4273] 4 2 3 1 3 4 5 8 2 6 0 3 4 5 2 6 3 6 10 4 2 2 8 4
## [4297] 3 9 5 5 4 5 5 0 8 6 5 NA 1 4 4 6 4 6 8 7 6 8 1 NA
## [4321] 0 4 1 3 2 2 5 6 10 5 1 8 5 3 6 5 7 6 5 5 10 3 9 8
## [4345] 7 3 6 6 4 3 5 4 0 6 5 6 0 9 6 2 4 8 5 2 4 5 3 8
## [4369] 8 5 7 9 7 2 2 2 0 7 2 2 6 8 8 5 2 3 5 5 6 4 3 NA
## [4393] 5 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 7 3 7 5 2 0 NA 2 4 5 7 4 7 5 0 9
## [4417] 4 4 5 2 7 3 6 7 NA 7 5 5 2 5 1 6 6 3 NA 6 6 5 4 6
## [4441] 5 0 1 1 0 4 3 4 2 2 6 3 4 5 3 5 0 6 3 7 1 4 3 8
## [4465] 2 2 5 6 3 8 5 2 0 5 6 4 2 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 6 1 2 7
## [4489] 3 8 6 5 2 8 3 5 4 5 2 1 0 1 0 6 4 0 3 1 6 5 7 1
## [4513] 6 10 2 4 3 7 2 3 5 7 5 3 2 3 7 2 4 3 4 6 3 4 3 7
## [4537] 1 8 2 6 4 1 4 3 0 0 0 3 5 3 2 2 9 2 8 0 8 3 2 2
## [4561] 5 6 7 5 7 5 0 5 2 4 2 4 3 3 4 1 7 4 5 2 2 5 4 5
## [4585] 0 9 8 3 8 7 0 6 6 6 2 3 1 2 1 2 2 6 3 7 8 2 7 5
## [4609] 4 10 2 2 4 6 3 5 2 1 5 7 6 5 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 7
## [4633] NA 2 1 6 6 NA 4 6 0 2 5 7 7 7 4 5 5 1 7 6 10 3 2 4
## [4657] 4 NA 7 9 4 7 5 5 3 3 4 4 2 7 4 6 5 2 5 4 7 3 4 0
## [4681] 4 4 2 6 5 0 2 7 2 4 6 5 4 4 0 5 10 3 3 1 7 6 2 5
## [4705] 7 6 8 3 7 8 4 6 6 4 5 6 7 3 7 2 2 4 6 5 5 5 3 5
## [4729] 2 4 7 1 3 4 6 3 6 2 5 7 3 8 5 6 6 5 5 2 6 0 4 4
## [4753] 4 NA 1 7 5 9 6 4 3 3 1 9 6 2 6 4 6 4 9 3 3 3 5 3
## [4777] 6 3 5 5 7 7 2 2 3 9 7 3 4 5 4 2 4 7 0 10 3 0 3 3
## [4801] 6 6 7 NA 5 5 0 1 4 9 5 1 4 4 5 7 6 8 0 8 5 7 5 8
## [4825] 4 6 0 6 8 6 5 4 0 8 9 5 4 1 4 9 3 6 6 0 8 0 2 6
## [4849] 5 6 8 4 5 4 4 7 2 2 7 3 0 3 4 2 3 5 5 9 5 5 3 3
## [4873] 9 6 6 5 7 3 0 2 7 4 0 3 7 6 4 4 7 5 2 3 5 NA 2 4
## [4897] 7 4 5 3 5 8 5 6 1 3 5 4 1 6 7 6 7 4 4 0 4 4 4 4
## [4921] 8 8 2 0 6 4 1 2 9 1 5 10 3 2 6 5 3 6 NA 7 4 4 4 4
## [4945] 5 5 4 7 2 7 4 6 5 4 5 3 4 8 6 5 4 2 2 4 5 9 5 6
## [4969] 5 6 6 3 7 7 5 8 4 7 1 4 8 7 3 5 6 2 4 10 3 2 3 8
## [4993] 6 7 2 3 4 0 8 5Now it works! So, when you want to address individual variables from a dataset, you need to consider where they are stored in the input. Using the $ sign indicates that the variable is part of the dataset before the $ sign.
You now understand the basic structure of a dataset. Next, we will import data into R to start the data analysis. In the following chapter, you will output descriptive statistics of individual variables.